نام كتاب :(Basics of INTERFEROMETRY(Second Editionنويسنده : (P. HARIHARAN (School of Physics, University of Sydneyانتشارات : Elsevier- 2007 -تعداد صفحات : 226 صفحهحجم فايل : 2.63 مگابايتفصول كتاب:Introduction 12 Interference: A Primer 32.1 Light Waves 32.2 Intensity in an Interference Pattern 52.3 Visibility of Interference Fringes 62.4 Interference with a Point Source 62.5 Localization of Fringes 72.6 Summary 92.7 Problems 10Further Reading 123 Two-Beam Interferometers 133.1 Wavefront Division 133.2 Amplitude Division 143.3 The Rayleigh Interferometer 153.4 The Michelson Interferometer 163.4.1 Fringes Formed with a Point Source 173.4.2 Fringes Formed with an Extended Source 173.4.3 Fringes Formed with Collimated Light 17viiviii Contents3.4.4 Applications 183.5 The Mach–Zehnder Interferometer 183.6 The Sagnac Interferometer 193.7 Summary 203.8 Problems 20Further Reading 224 Source-Size and Spectral Effects 234.1 Coherence 234.2 Source-Size Effects 244.2.1 Slit Source 244.2.2 Circular Pinhole 254.3 Spectral Effects 254.4 Polarization Effects 254.5 White-Light Fringes 264.6 Channeled Spectra 274.7 Summary 284.8 Problems 28Further Reading 305 Multiple-Beam Interference 315.1 Multiple-Beam Fringes by Transmission 315.2 Multiple-Beam Fringes by Reflection 335.3 Multiple-Beam Fringes of Equal Thickness 345.4 Fringes of Equal Chromatic Order (FECO Fringes) 345.5 The Fabry–Perot Interferometer 355.6 Summary 365.7 Problems 36Further Reading 36ix6 The Laser as a Light Source 396.1 Lasers for Interferometry 396.2 Laser Modes 406.3 Single-Wavelength Operation of Lasers 426.4 Polarization of Laser Beams 436.5 Wavelength Stabilization of Lasers 436.6 Laser-Beam Expansion 436.7 Problems with Laser Sources 456.8 Laser Safety 466.9 Summary 466.10 Problems 46Further Reading 487 Photodetectors 497.1 Photomultipliers 497.2 Photodiodes 507.3 Charge-Coupled Detector Arrays 517.3.1 Linear CCD Sensors 527.3.2 Area CCD Sensors 527.3.3 Frame-Transfer CCD Sensors 527.4 Photoconductive Detectors 547.5 Pyroelectric Detectors 547.6 Summary 547.7 Problems 55Further Reading 568 Measurements of Length 578.1 The Definition of the Metre 578.2 Length Measurements 58x 8.2.1 The Fractional-Fringe Method 598.2.2 Fringe Counting 598.2.3 Heterodyne Techniques 598.2.4 Synthetic Long-Wavelength Signals 608.2.5 Frequency Scanning 618.2.6 Environmental Effects 628.3 Measurements of Changes in Length 628.3.1 Phase Compensation 628.3.2 Heterodyne Methods 628.3.3 Dilatometry 628.4 Summary 638.5 Problems 63Further Reading 669 Optical Testing 679.1 The Fizeau Interferometer 679.2 The Twyman–Green Interferometer 709.3 Analysis of Wavefront Aberrations 719.4 Laser Unequal-Path Interferometers 729.5 The Point-Diffraction Interferometer 729.6 Shearing Interferometers 739.6.1 Lateral Shearing Interferometers 749.6.2 Radial Shearing Interferometers 769.7 Grazing-Incidence Interferometry 779.8 Summary 779.9 Problems 78Further Reading 8110 Digital Techniques 8310.1 Digital Fringe Analysis 83 xi10.2 Digital Phase Measurements 8410.3 Testing Aspheric Surfaces 8510.3.1 Direct Measurements of Surface Shape 8610.3.2 Long-Wavelength Tests 8610.3.3 Tests with Shearing Interferometers 8610.3.4 Tests with Computer-GeneratedHolograms 8710.4 Summary 8810.5 Problems 88Further Reading 9111 Macro- and Micro-Interferometry 9311.1 Interferometry of Refractive Index Fields 9311.2 The Mach–Zehnder Interferometer 9311.3 Interference Microscopy 9511.4 Multiple-Beam Interferometry 9611.5 Two-Beam Interference Microscopes 9611.6 The Nomarski Interferometer 9911.7 Summary 10011.8 Problems 101Further Reading 10312 White-Light Interference Microscopy 10512.1 White-Light Interferometry 10512.2 White-Light Phase-Shifting Microscopy 10612.3 Spectrally Resolved Interferometry 10712.4 Coherence-Probe Microscopy 10712.5 Summary 10912.6 Problems 109Further reading 110xii 13 Holographic and Speckle Interferometry 11113.1 Holographic Interferometry 11113.2 Holographic Nondestructive Testing 11213.3 Holographic Strain Analysis 11213.4 Holographic Vibration Analysis 11313.5 Speckle Interferometry 11413.6 Electronic Speckle-Pattern Interferometry 11713.7 Studies of Vibrating Objects 11813.8 Summary 11913.9 Problems 119Further Reading 12014 Interferometric Sensors 12114.1 Laser–Doppler Interferometry 12114.2 Measurements of Vibration Amplitudes 12214.3 Fiber Interferometers 12314.4 Rotation Sensing 12514.5 Laser-Feedback Interferometers 12614.6 Gravitational Wave Detectors 12714.7 Optical Signal Processing 12814.7.1 Interferometric Switches 12814.7.2 Interferometric Logic Gates 12814.8 Summary 12914.9 Problems 129Further Reading 13215 Interference Spectroscopy 13315.1 Resolving Power and Etendue 13315.2 The Fabry–Perot Interferometer 134Contents xiii15.2.1 The Scanning Fabry–PerotInterferometer 13515.2.2 The Confocal Fabry–PerotInterferometer 13515.2.3 The Multiple-Pass Fabry–PerotInterferometer 13615.3 Interference Filters 13615.4 Birefringent Filters 13715.5 Interference Wavelength Meters 13715.6 Laser Frequency Measurements 13815.7 Summary 13915.8 Problems 140Further Reading 14316 Fourier Transform Spectroscopy 14516.1 The Multiplex Advantage 14516.2 Theory 14616.3 Practical Aspects 14816.4 Computation of the Spectrum 14916.5 Applications 14916.6 Summary 14916.7 Problems 149Further Reading 15117 Interference with Single Photons 15317.1 Interference—The Quantum Picture 15317.2 Single-Photon States 15417.3 Interference with Single-Photon States 15617.4 Interference with Independent Sources 15717.5 Fourth-Order Interference 161xiv Contents17.6 Summary 16217.7 Problems 162Further Reading 16318 Building an Interferometer 165Further Reading 167A Monochromatic Light Waves 169A.1 Complex Representation 169A.2 Optical Intensity 170B Phase Shifts on Reflection 171C Diffraction 173C.1 Diffraction Gratings 174D Polarized Light 177D.1 Production of Polarized Light 177D.2 Quarter-Wave and Half-Wave Plates 177D.3 The Jones Calculus 179D.4 The Poincaré Sphere 180E The Pancharatnam Phase 183E.1 The Pancharatnam Phase 183E.2 Achromatic Phase Shifters 183E.3 Switchable Achromatic Phase Shifters 185xvF The Twyman–Green Interferometer: InitialAdjustment 187G The Mach–Zehnder Interferometer: InitialAdjustment 191H Fourier Transforms and Correlation 193H.1 Fourier Transforms 193H.2 Correlation 194I Coherence 195I.1 Quasi-Monochromatic Light 195I.2 The Mutual Coherence Function 196I.3 Complex Degree of Coherence 197I.4 Visibility of the Interference Fringes 197I.5 Spatial Coherence 198I.6 Temporal Coherence 199I.7 Coherence Length 199J Heterodyne Interferometry 201K Laser Frequency Shifting 203xvi L Evaluation of Shearing Interferograms 205L.1 Lateral Shearing Interferometers 205L.2 Radial Shearing Interferometers 205M Phase-Shifting Interferometry 209M.1 Error-Correcting Algorithms 210N Holographic Imaging 211N.1 Hologram Recording 211N.2 Image Reconstruction 212O Laser Speckle 215Laser Frequency Modulation