نام كتاب :PRINCIPLES OF LASERS AND OPTICSنويسنده :WILLIAM S. C. CHANGانتشارات : Cambridge University-2005تعداد صفحات : 247 صفحهحجم فايل : 1.58 مگابايتفصول كتاب:1 Scalar wave equations and diffraction of laser radiation 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The scalar wave equation 31.3 The solution of the scalar wave equation by Green’sfunction – Kirchhoff’s diffraction formula 51.3.1 The general Green’s function G 61.3.2 Green’s function, G1, for U known on a planaraperture 71.3.3 Green’s function for ?U known on a planaraperture, G2 111.3.4 The expression for Kirchhoff’s integral inengineering analysis 111.3.5 Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction 121.4 Applications of the analysis of TEM waves 131.4.1 Far field diffraction pattern of an aperture 131.4.2 Fraunhofer diffraction in the focal plane of a lens 181.4.3 The lens as a transformation element 211.4.4 Integral equation for optical resonators 241.5 Superposition theory and other mathematical techniquesderived from Kirchhoff’s diffraction formula 25References 322 Gaussian modes in optical laser cavities and Gaussian beam optics 342.1 Modes in confocal cavities 362.1.1 The simplified integral equation for confocal cavities 372.1.2 Analytical solutions of the modes in confocal cavities 382.1.3 Properties of resonant modes in confocal cavities 392.1.4 Radiation fields inside and outside the cavity 452.1.5 Far field pattern of the TEM modes 462.1.6 General expression for the TEMlm modes 462.1.7 Example illustrating the properties of confocalcavity modes 472.2 Modes in non-confocal cavities 482.2.1 Formation of a new cavity for known modes ofconfocal resonators 492.2.2 Finding the virtual equivalent confocal resonator for agiven set of reflectors 502.2.3 Formal procedure to find the resonant modes innon-confocal cavities 522.2.4 Example of resonant modes in a non-confocal cavity 532.3 Gaussian beam solution of the vector wave equation 542.4 Propagation and transformation of Gaussian beams(the ABCD matrix) 572.4.1 Physical meaning of the terms in the Gaussianbeam expression 572.4.2 Description of Gaussian beam propagation bymatrix transformation 582.4.3 Example of a Gaussian beam passing through a lens 612.4.4 Example of a Gaussian beam passing througha spatial filter 622.4.5 Example of a Gaussian beam passing through aprism 642.4.6 Example of focusing a Gaussian beam 662.4.7 Example of Gaussian mode matching 672.5 Modes in complex cavities 682.5.1 Example of the resonance mode in a ring cavity 69References 713 Guided wave modes and their propagation 723.1 Asymmetric planar waveguides 743.1.1 TE and TM modes in planar waveguides 753.2 TE planar waveguide modes 773.2.1 TE planar guided wave modes 773.2.2 TE planar guided wave modes in a symmetricalwaveguide 783.2.3 Cut-off condition for TE planar guided wave modes 803.2.4 Properties of TE planar guided wave modes 813.2.5 TE planar substrate modes 833.2.6 TE planar air modes 83Contents vii3.3 TM planar waveguide modes 853.3.1 TM planar guided wave modes 853.3.2 TM planar guided wave modes in a symmetricalwaveguide 863.3.3 Cut-off condition for TM planar guided wave modes 873.3.4 Properties of TM planar guided wave modes 873.3.5 TM planar substrate modes 893.3.6 TM planar air modes 893.4 Generalized properties of guided wave modes inplanar waveguides and applications 903.4.1 Planar guided waves propagating in other directions inthe yz plane 913.4.2 Helmholtz equation for the generalized guided wavemodes in planar waveguides 913.4.3 Applications of generalized guided waves inplanar waveguides 923.5 Rectangular channel waveguides and effectiveindex analysis 983.5.1 Example for the effective index method 1023.5.2 Properties of channel guided wave modes 1033.5.3 Phased array channel waveguide demultiplexerin WDM systems 1033.6 Guided wave modes in single-mode round opticalfibers 1063.6.1 Guided wave solutions of Maxwell’s equations 1073.6.2 Properties of the guided wave modes 1093.6.3 Properties of optical fibers 1103.6.4 Cladding modes 1113.7 Excitation of guided wave modes 111References 1134 Guided wave interactions and photonic devices 1144.1 Perturbation analysis 1154.1.1 Fields and modes in a generalized waveguide 1154.1.2 Perturbation analysis 1174.1.3 Simple application of the perturbation analysis 1194.2 Coupling of modes in the same waveguide, the grating filterand the acousto-optical deflector 1204.2.1 Grating filter in a single-mode waveguide 1204.2.2 Acousto-optical deflector, frequency shifter, scannerand analyzer 1254.3 Propagation of modes in parallel waveguides – the coupledmodes and the super-modes 1304.3.1 Modes in two uncoupled parallel waveguides 1304.3.2 Analysis of two coupled waveguides based on modes ofindividual waveguides 1314.3.3 The directional coupler, viewed as coupled individualwaveguide modes 1334.3.4 Directional coupling, viewed as propagation ofsuper-modes 1364.3.5 Super-modes of two coupled non-identical waveguides 1374.4 Propagation of super-modes in adiabatic branching waveguidesand the Mach–Zehnder interferometer 1384.4.1 Adiabatic Y-branch transition 1384.4.2 Super-mode analysis of wave propagation in asymmetric Y-branch 1394.4.3 Analysis of wave propagation in an asymmetricY-branch 1414.4.4 Mach–Zehnder interferometer 1424.5 Propagation in multimode waveguides and multimodeinterference couplers 144References 1485 Macroscopic properties of materials from stimulatedemission and absorption 1495.1 Brief review of basic quantum mechanics 1505.1.1 Brief summary of the elementary principlesof quantum mechanics 1505.1.2 Expectation value 1515.1.3 Summary of energy eigen values and energy states 1525.1.4 Summary of the matrix representation 1535.2 Time dependent perturbation analysis of ? and theinduced transition probability 1565.2.1 Time dependent perturbation formulation 1565.2.2 Electric and magnetic dipole and electric quadrupoleapproximations 1595.2.3 Perturbation analysis for an electromagnetic field withharmonic time variation 1595.2.4 Induced transition probability betweentwo energy eigen states 1615.3 Macroscopic susceptibilty and the density matrix 1625.3.1 Polarization and the density matrix 1635.3.2 Equation of motion of the density matrix elements 1645.3.3 Solutions for the density matrix elements 1665.3.4 Susceptibility 1675.3.5 Significance of the susceptibility 1685.3.6 Comparison of the analysis of ? with the quantummechanical analysis of induced transitions 1695.4 Homogeneously and inhomogeneously broadened transitions 1705.4.1 Homogeneously broadened lines and their saturation 1715.4.2 Inhomogeneously broadened lines and their saturation 173References 1786 Solid state and gas laser amplifier and oscillator 1796.1 Rate equation and population inversion 1796.2 Threshold condition for laser oscillation 1816.3 Power and optimum coupling for CW laser oscillators withhomogeneous broadened lines 1836.4 Steady state oscillation in inhomogeneously broadened lines 1866.5 Q-switched lasers 1876.6 Mode locked laser oscillators 1926.6.1 Mode locking in lasers with an inhomogeneouslybroadened line 1936.6.2 Mode locking in lasers with a homogeneouslybroadened line 1966.6.3 Passive mode locking 1976.7 Laser amplifiers 1986.8 Spontaneous emission noise in lasers 2006.8.1 Spontaneous emission: the Einstein approach 2016.8.2 Spontaneous emission noise in laser amplifiers 2026.8.3 Spontaneous emission in laser oscillators 2056.8.4 The line width of laser oscillation 2076.8.5 Relative intensity noise of laser oscillators 210References 2117 Semiconductor lasers 2127.1 Macroscopic susceptibility of laser transitionsin bulk materials 2147.1.1 Energy states 2157.1.2 Density of energy states 2157.1.3 Fermi distribution and carrier densities 2167.1.4 Stimulated emission and absorption and susceptibilityfor small electromagnetic signals 2187.1.5 Transparency condition and population inversion 2217.2 Threshold and power output of laser oscillators 2217.2.1 Light emitting diodes 2237.3 Susceptibility and carrier densities in quantum wellsemiconductor materials 2247.3.1 Energy states in quantum well structures 2257.3.2 Density of states in quantum well structures 2267.3.3 Susceptibility 2277.3.4 Carrier density and Fermi levels 2287.3.5 Other quantum structures 2287.4 Resonant modes of semiconductor lasers 2287.4.1 Cavities of edge emitting lasers 2297.4.2 Cavities of surface emitting lasers 2347.5 Carrier and current confinement in semiconductor lasers 2367.6 Direct modulation of semiconductor laser output bycurrent injection 2377.7 Semiconductor laser amplifier 2397.8 Noise in semiconductor laser oscillators 242References 243Index
كتاب PRINCIPLES OF LASERS AND OPTICS (اصولي از ليزر و اپتيك)
نام كتاب :PRINCIPLES OF LASERS AND OPTICSنويسنده :WILLIAM S. C. CHANGانتشارات : Cambridge University-2005تعداد صفحات : 247 صفحهحجم فايل : 1.58 مگابايتفصول كتاب:1 Scalar wave equations and diffraction of laser radiation 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The scalar wave equation 31.3 The solution of the scalar wave equation by Green’sfunction – Kirchhoff’s diffraction formula 51.3.1 The general Green’s function G 61.3.2 Green’s function, G1, for U known on a planaraperture 71.3.3 Green’s function for ?U known on a planaraperture, G2 111.3.4 The expression for Kirchhoff’s integral inengineering analysis 111.3.5 Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction 121.4 Applications of the analysis of TEM waves 131.4.1 Far field diffraction pattern of an aperture 131.4.2 Fraunhofer diffraction in the focal plane of a lens 181.4.3 The lens as a transformation element 211.4.4 Integral equation for optical resonators 241.5 Superposition theory and other mathematical techniquesderived from Kirchhoff’s diffraction formula 25References 322 Gaussian modes in optical laser cavities and Gaussian beam optics 342.1 Modes in confocal cavities 362.1.1 The simplified integral equation for confocal cavities 372.1.2 Analytical solutions of the modes in confocal cavities 382.1.3 Properties of resonant modes in confocal cavities 392.1.4 Radiation fields inside and outside the cavity 452.1.5 Far field pattern of the TEM modes 462.1.6 General expression for the TEMlm modes 462.1.7 Example illustrating the properties of confocalcavity modes 472.2 Modes in non-confocal cavities 482.2.1 Formation of a new cavity for known modes ofconfocal resonators 492.2.2 Finding the virtual equivalent confocal resonator for agiven set of reflectors 502.2.3 Formal procedure to find the resonant modes innon-confocal cavities 522.2.4 Example of resonant modes in a non-confocal cavity 532.3 Gaussian beam solution of the vector wave equation 542.4 Propagation and transformation of Gaussian beams(the ABCD matrix) 572.4.1 Physical meaning of the terms in the Gaussianbeam expression 572.4.2 Description of Gaussian beam propagation bymatrix transformation 582.4.3 Example of a Gaussian beam passing through a lens 612.4.4 Example of a Gaussian beam passing througha spatial filter 622.4.5 Example of a Gaussian beam passing through aprism 642.4.6 Example of focusing a Gaussian beam 662.4.7 Example of Gaussian mode matching 672.5 Modes in complex cavities 682.5.1 Example of the resonance mode in a ring cavity 69References 713 Guided wave modes and their propagation 723.1 Asymmetric planar waveguides 743.1.1 TE and TM modes in planar waveguides 753.2 TE planar waveguide modes 773.2.1 TE planar guided wave modes 773.2.2 TE planar guided wave modes in a symmetricalwaveguide 783.2.3 Cut-off condition for TE planar guided wave modes 803.2.4 Properties of TE planar guided wave modes 813.2.5 TE planar substrate modes 833.2.6 TE planar air modes 83Contents vii3.3 TM planar waveguide modes 853.3.1 TM planar guided wave modes 853.3.2 TM planar guided wave modes in a symmetricalwaveguide 863.3.3 Cut-off condition for TM planar guided wave modes 873.3.4 Properties of TM planar guided wave modes 873.3.5 TM planar substrate modes 893.3.6 TM planar air modes 893.4 Generalized properties of guided wave modes inplanar waveguides and applications 903.4.1 Planar guided waves propagating in other directions inthe yz plane 913.4.2 Helmholtz equation for the generalized guided wavemodes in planar waveguides 913.4.3 Applications of generalized guided waves inplanar waveguides 923.5 Rectangular channel waveguides and effectiveindex analysis 983.5.1 Example for the effective index method 1023.5.2 Properties of channel guided wave modes 1033.5.3 Phased array channel waveguide demultiplexerin WDM systems 1033.6 Guided wave modes in single-mode round opticalfibers 1063.6.1 Guided wave solutions of Maxwell’s equations 1073.6.2 Properties of the guided wave modes 1093.6.3 Properties of optical fibers 1103.6.4 Cladding modes 1113.7 Excitation of guided wave modes 111References 1134 Guided wave interactions and photonic devices 1144.1 Perturbation analysis 1154.1.1 Fields and modes in a generalized waveguide 1154.1.2 Perturbation analysis 1174.1.3 Simple application of the perturbation analysis 1194.2 Coupling of modes in the same waveguide, the grating filterand the acousto-optical deflector 1204.2.1 Grating filter in a single-mode waveguide 1204.2.2 Acousto-optical deflector, frequency shifter, scannerand analyzer 1254.3 Propagation of modes in parallel waveguides – the coupledmodes and the super-modes 1304.3.1 Modes in two uncoupled parallel waveguides 1304.3.2 Analysis of two coupled waveguides based on modes ofindividual waveguides 1314.3.3 The directional coupler, viewed as coupled individualwaveguide modes 1334.3.4 Directional coupling, viewed as propagation ofsuper-modes 1364.3.5 Super-modes of two coupled non-identical waveguides 1374.4 Propagation of super-modes in adiabatic branching waveguidesand the Mach–Zehnder interferometer 1384.4.1 Adiabatic Y-branch transition 1384.4.2 Super-mode analysis of wave propagation in asymmetric Y-branch 1394.4.3 Analysis of wave propagation in an asymmetricY-branch 1414.4.4 Mach–Zehnder interferometer 1424.5 Propagation in multimode waveguides and multimodeinterference couplers 144References 1485 Macroscopic properties of materials from stimulatedemission and absorption 1495.1 Brief review of basic quantum mechanics 1505.1.1 Brief summary of the elementary principlesof quantum mechanics 1505.1.2 Expectation value 1515.1.3 Summary of energy eigen values and energy states 1525.1.4 Summary of the matrix representation 1535.2 Time dependent perturbation analysis of ? and theinduced transition probability 1565.2.1 Time dependent perturbation formulation 1565.2.2 Electric and magnetic dipole and electric quadrupoleapproximations 1595.2.3 Perturbation analysis for an electromagnetic field withharmonic time variation 1595.2.4 Induced transition probability betweentwo energy eigen states 1615.3 Macroscopic susceptibilty and the density matrix 1625.3.1 Polarization and the density matrix 1635.3.2 Equation of motion of the density matrix elements 1645.3.3 Solutions for the density matrix elements 1665.3.4 Susceptibility 1675.3.5 Significance of the susceptibility 1685.3.6 Comparison of the analysis of ? with the quantummechanical analysis of induced transitions 1695.4 Homogeneously and inhomogeneously broadened transitions 1705.4.1 Homogeneously broadened lines and their saturation 1715.4.2 Inhomogeneously broadened lines and their saturation 173References 1786 Solid state and gas laser amplifier and oscillator 1796.1 Rate equation and population inversion 1796.2 Threshold condition for laser oscillation 1816.3 Power and optimum coupling for CW laser oscillators withhomogeneous broadened lines 1836.4 Steady state oscillation in inhomogeneously broadened lines 1866.5 Q-switched lasers 1876.6 Mode locked laser oscillators 1926.6.1 Mode locking in lasers with an inhomogeneouslybroadened line 1936.6.2 Mode locking in lasers with a homogeneouslybroadened line 1966.6.3 Passive mode locking 1976.7 Laser amplifiers 1986.8 Spontaneous emission noise in lasers 2006.8.1 Spontaneous emission: the Einstein approach 2016.8.2 Spontaneous emission noise in laser amplifiers 2026.8.3 Spontaneous emission in laser oscillators 2056.8.4 The line width of laser oscillation 2076.8.5 Relative intensity noise of laser oscillators 210References 2117 Semiconductor lasers 2127.1 Macroscopic susceptibility of laser transitionsin bulk materials 2147.1.1 Energy states 2157.1.2 Density of energy states 2157.1.3 Fermi distribution and carrier densities 2167.1.4 Stimulated emission and absorption and susceptibilityfor small electromagnetic signals 2187.1.5 Transparency condition and population inversion 2217.2 Threshold and power output of laser oscillators 2217.2.1 Light emitting diodes 2237.3 Susceptibility and carrier densities in quantum wellsemiconductor materials 2247.3.1 Energy states in quantum well structures 2257.3.2 Density of states in quantum well structures 2267.3.3 Susceptibility 2277.3.4 Carrier density and Fermi levels 2287.3.5 Other quantum structures 2287.4 Resonant modes of semiconductor lasers 2287.4.1 Cavities of edge emitting lasers 2297.4.2 Cavities of surface emitting lasers 2347.5 Carrier and current confinement in semiconductor lasers 2367.6 Direct modulation of semiconductor laser output bycurrent injection 2377.7 Semiconductor laser amplifier 2397.8 Noise in semiconductor laser oscillators 242References 243Index