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An introduction to qualitative research

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An introduction to qualitative research
- Approach of the BookThis book has been written with two groups of readers in mind: the novice andthe experienced researcher. First of all, it addresses the novice to qualitativeresearch, maybe even to social research in general. For this group, mostly undergraduate and graduate students, it is conceived as a basic introduction to the principles and practices of qualitative research, the theoretical and epistemologicalbackground, and the most important methods. Second, the researcher in the fieldmay use this book as a sort of toolkit while facing the practical issues and problems in the day-to-day business of qualitative research. Qualitative research is establishing itself in many social sciences, in psychology, in nursing, and the like. As anovice to the field or as an experienced researcher, you can use a great variety ofspecific methods, each of which starts from different premises and pursues different aims. Each method in qualitative research is based on a specific understandingof its object. However, qualitative methods should not be regarded independentlyof the research process and the issue under study. They are specifically embeddedin the research process and are best understood and described using a processoriented perspective. Therefore, a presentation of the different steps in the processof qualitative research is the central concern of the book. The most importantmethods for collecting and interpreting data and for assessing and presentingresults are presented and located in the process-oriented framework. This shouldgive you an overview of the field of qualitative research, of concrete methodological alternatives, and of their claims, applications, and limits. This should enable youto choose the most appropriate methodological strategy with respect to yourresearch question and issues.The starting point in this book is that qualitative research, above all, works withtext. Methods for collecting information—interviews or observations—producedata, which are transformed into texts by recording and transcription. Methods ofinterpretation start from these texts. Different routes lead towards the texts at thecenter of the research and away from them. Very briefly, the qualitative researchprocess can be represented as a path from theory to text and as another path from textback to theory. The intersection of the two paths is the collection of verbal or visualdata and their interpretation in a specific research design.Structure of the BookThe book has eight parts, which aim at unfolding the process of qualitative researchin its major stages.Part 1 sets out the framework of doing qualitative research as discussed in Chapters 2through 4:GUIDE TO THIS BOOK 5• Chapter 2 explores and answers the fundamental questions of qualitative research.For this purpose, the current relevance of qualitative research is outlined againstthe background of recent trends in society and in social sciences. Some essentialfeatures of qualitative research in distinction from quantitative approaches arepresented. To allow you to see qualitative research and methods in their context,a very brief overview of the history of qualitative research in the United Statesand Europe is given.• Chapter 3 develops the relation between qualitative and quantitative research.Here, I take several points of reference for spelling out the possible links of qualitative and quantitative research. In the end, you will find some guiding questions for assessing the appropriateness of qualitative and quantitative research.This chapter allows you to identify various approaches and then decide whichone is best for your research.• Chapter 4 focuses on a different framework for qualitative research—researchethics. The ethics of qualitative research deserves special attention, as you willcome much closer to privacy issues and the day-to-day life of your participants.Reflection and sensitivity to privacy are essential before launching a qualitativestudy. At the same time, general discussions about research ethics often miss thespecial needs and problems of qualitative research. After reading this chapter, youshould know the importance of a code of ethics before beginning your researchas well as the need for ethics committees. Whether research is ethical or notdepends as much on practical decisions in the field.After setting out the framework of qualitative research, I focus on the process of aqualitative study. Part 2 takes you from theory to text:• Chapter 5 introduces the use of the literature—theoretical, methodological, andempirical—in a qualitative study. It addresses the use of and the finding of suchresources while doing your study and while writing about it.• Chapter 6 addresses different theoretical positions underlying qualitative research.Symbolic interactionism, ethnomethodology, and structuralist approaches arediscussed as paradigmatic approaches for their basic assumptions and recentdevelopments. From these discussions, the list of essential features of qualitativeresearch given in Chapter 2 is completed. In the end, I will address two theoretical debates, which are currently very strong in qualitative research. Feminismand gender studies and the discussion about positivism and constructionisminform a great deal of qualitative research, in how to understand the issues ofresearch, in how to conceive the research process, and in how to use qualitativemethods.• Chapter 7 continues the discussions raised in Chapter 6, as well as outlining theepistemological background of constructionist qualitative research using text asemp

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