چكيده : تبدیل انرژی باد به انرژی مکانیکی و سپس انرژی الکتریکی در توربین های بادی انجام می شود . توربین های بادی در اندازه های مختلف با اجزای مختلف و ویژگی های متفاوت با توجه به شرایط محیط و میزان نیاز تولید توان الکتریکی ساخته می شوند ،این توربین ها از پره ها با قطر روتور چندین متر تا حدود 100 متر برای تولید توان های چندین کیلووات تا 2000 کیلووات مورد استفاده قرار می گیرند علاوه بر تولید توان الکتریکی از توربین های بادی برای پمپاژ آب نیز استفاده می شود. انرژی باد یکی از صورت های منابع انرژی تجدید پذیر است که با توجه به ویژگی مشترک انرژی های تجدید پذیر به صورت گسترده با تمرکز کم ( چگالی کم ) در اختیار بشر قرار گرفته است نوعي از انرژي خورشيد است که بر اثر اختلاف دماي بين دو ناحيه توليد مي شود: ناحيه سرد پر فشار و ناحيه گرم کم فشار است . طی سالهای اخیر تولید برق به وسیله توربینهای بادی افزایش پیدا کرده است. توربینهای جدید به صورتهای متفاوت متصل به شبکه و یا منفعل از شبکه و به صورت تولید پراکنده در سیستمهای قدرت مورد استفاده قرار می گیرند. در اين پروژه در مورد انواع توربين ها و مكانيزم عملكرد و طراحي آنها توضيح داده شده است . همچنين در مورد حفاظت توربين ها و كنترل توان نيروگاه ها توسط توربين ها به مواردي اشاره شده است. ﻛﺸﻮر اﻳﺮان از ﻫﺮ ﻃﺮف ﺑﺎ ﻛﻮﻫﻬﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌـﻲ ﻣﺤـﺼﻮر ﮔـﺸﺘﻪ اﺳـﺖ. اﻳـﺮان ﺑـﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴـﺖ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ دارد در آﺳﻴﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺷﺮق و ﻏﺮب و ﻧـﻮاﺣﻲ ﮔـﺮم ﺟﻨـﻮب و ﻣﻌﺘـﺪل ﺷـﻤﺎﻟﻲ واﻗـﻊ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ودر ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬـﺎي ﻋﻤـﺪه ﻫـﻮاﻳﻲ ﺑـﻴﻦ آﺳـﻴﺎ ، اروﭘـﺎ ، اﻓﺮﻳﻘـﺎ ، اﻗﻴـﺎﻧﻮس ﻫﻨـﺪ و اﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮس اﻃﻠﺲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ . همين امر باعث پيشرفت سريع در استفاده از نيروگاه بادي خواهد شد. فهرست مطالب فصل اول : ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﭽﻪ.....................................................................................................................................................................................................2 ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪاﻳﺮاﻧﻴﺎن......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪآﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲﻫﺎ..................................................................................................................................................................................3 ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪداﻧﻤﺎرﻛﻲﻫﺎ ............................................................................................................................................................................... 4 ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻮيﻫﺎ................................................................................................................................................................................ 5 ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪروﺳﻬﺎ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪﻫﻠﻨﺪيﻫﺎ......................................................................................................................................................................................6 ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪاﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲﻫﺎ.....................................................................................................................................................................................6 ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪآﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲﻫﺎ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲدرﺑﺎرهاﻧﺮژيﺑﺎد....................................................................................................................................................................... 7 ﻣﻨﺒﻊاﻧﺮژيﺑﺎدي..................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 ﺑﺎد.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9 اﻧﻮاعﺑﺎدﻫﺎ...............................................................................................................................................................................................11 ﺟﺪول ﺑﻮﻓﻮرت...............................................................................................................................................................................12 ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮاتﺳﺮﻋﺖﺑﺎد........................................................................................................................................................................ 13 مزایای استفاده از توربینهای بادی..................................................................................................................................... 15 رشد ظرفيت توربينهاي بادي تا پايان سال 2004........................................................................................................ 16 فصل دوم : 2- 1 توربین بادی............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 21 2-2 توربينهاي بادي چگونه كار مي كنند ؟............................................................................................................................................................ 21 2-3ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢﺑﻨﺪيﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦﻫﺎيﺑﺎدي................................................................................................................................................................................. 22 2-4 دوﻧﻮعﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦﺑﺎديﻓﻮقازﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎيزﻳﺮﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ.............................................................................................................................28 2-5 ساختمان توربین بادی.......................................................................................................................................................................29 2-6 انواع توربین های بادی.................................................................................................................................................................... 29 2-7 مفاهیم کنترل توان..............................................................................................................................................................................31 2-8 انواع ژنراتورهای مدرن..................................................................................................................................................................32 2-9 ژنراتورهای آسنکرون (القایی) .................................................................................................................................................... 34 2-10 ژنراتور سنکرون............................................................................................................................................................................. 37 2-11 توربين هاي مختلف با كاربرد هاي مختلف.............................................................................................................................................. 38 2-12 برق بادی در مقیاس‌های کوچک................................................................................................................................................................... 50 فصل سوم : 3-1 ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦﺑﺎديﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪﻛﺎرﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ.............................................................................................................................................................................. 62 3-2 تغييرپذيري باد و قدرت توربين...................................................................................................................................................67 3-3 تعيين محل توربينهاي بادي......................................................................................................................................................... 67 3-4 نصب توربين‌ها نزديك ساحل....................................................................................................................................................... 69 3-5 نصب توربين‌ها دور از ساحل....................................................................................................................................................... 69 3-6 توربينهاي هوائي (معلق در هوا(............................................................................................................................................... 70 3-7 نيروگاههاي بادي كوچك..................................................................................................................................................................73 3-8 رشد و روند هزينه.............................................................................................................................................................................75 3-9 ذخيره انرژي..........................................................................................................................................................................................76 3-10 اكولوژي(شناخت محيط زيست)و آلودگي توليد گازCo2وآلودگيمحيطزيست................................................ 77 3-11 تأثير نيروگاههاي بادي در حيات وحش................................................................................................................................. 78 3-12 اﺟﺰاءاﺻﻠﻲﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎيﺑﺎدي...........................................................................................................................................................................81 3-13 واحد توليد کاور و نوزکن............................................................................................................................................................................. 88 3-14 ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﭘﺮهﻫﺎيﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦﺑﺎدي.......................................................................................................................................................93 3-15 ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢدورﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦﻫﺎيﺑﺎدي................................................................................................................................................................................ 96 3-16 ﻗﺮاردادنﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦدرﺟﻬﺖﺑﺎد..............................................................................................................................................................................98 3-17 ژﻧﺮاﺗﻮرﻫﺎيﻣﻮﻟﺪﺑﺮق.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 99 3-18 ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻮرﻣﺎﺗﻮرﻫﺎ............................................................................................................................................................................103 3-19 ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎيوﻟﺘﺎژ..................................................................................................................................................................... 104 فصل چهارم : 4-1 ﺧﻼﺻﻪ.....................................................................................................................................................................................................109 4-2 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ....................................................................................................................................................................................................110 4-3 آﺳﯿﺐﻫﺎیﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢوﻏﯿﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ............................................................................................................................................... 110 فصل پنجم : 5-1 ﺧﻼﺻﻪ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 122 5-2ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 122 5-3 ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرژﻧﺮاﺗﻮرﺑﺎدیﻣﺘﺼﻞﺑﻪﺷﺒﮑﻪ.................................................................................................................................................................. 124 5-4 ﻗﺪرتﺗﻮرﺑﯿﻦﺑﺎدی............................................................................................................................................................................................... 125 5-5 ﻣﺪلرﯾﺎﺿﯽژﻧﺮاﺗﻮرآﺳﻨﮑﺮونﻣﺘﺼﻞﺑﻪﺷﺒﮑﻪ .................................................................................................................................................127 5-6 اﯾﺪهاﺻﻠﯽزﯾﺮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﮐﻨﺘﺮل..........................................................................................................................................................................................128 5-7 ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎتﻋﺪدی...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 133 5-8 ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮی.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 137 فصل ششم : 6-1 ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲاﻳﺮان...................................................................................................................................................................................... 139 6-2 ﺑﺎدﻫﺎياﻳﺮان ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 140 6-3 ﺧﻼﺻﻪدوﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪﺑﺮايﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦﻣﺤﻞﻧﺼﺐﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦﺑﺎدي ................................................................................................................................ 142 6-4 ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦﻫﺎيﺑﺎديدرﺟﻬﺎن.................................................................................................................................................... 147 6-5 ﻧﻴﺮوﮔﺎهﻋﻈﻴﻢﺑﺎديﺑﻪﻗﺪرت KW2500..................................................................................................................................................... 147 6-6 ﭘﺮوژهﻫﺎيﺑﺎد.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 150 6-7 ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ،ﺳﺎﺧﺖوﻧﺼﺐﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦﺑﺎدي10ﻛﻴﻠﻮواتﺳﻬﻨﺪﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ.................................................................................................................... 151 6-8 نیروگاهبادیبینالود ; اولینمزرعهبادیدرایران .......................................................................................................................................... 154 6-9 آمار ظرفيت نصب توربينهای بادی در ايران..................................................................................................................... 160 فصل هفتم: 7-1 شبیه سازی پروژه در نرم افزار Digsilent و matlab..............................................................................................165 مراجع ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................179 فهرست اشكال ﺷﻜﻞ 1–1 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 ﺷﻜﻞ 1-2 ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎدي ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﺮق ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪه در اﻳﺎﻻت ورﻣﻮﻧﺖ اﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ...................................................................................................3 ﺷﻜﻞ 1-3 آﺳﻴﺎب ﺑﺎدي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ داﻧﻤﺎرﻛﻲ ﻫﺎ.................................................................................................................................... 4 ﺷﻜﻞ 1-4 ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎدي ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﺮق ﻛﻪ ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﭘﺎرﻳﺲ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺖ.....................................................................................................5 ﺷﻜﻞ1– 5 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 ﺷﻜﻞ 1-6 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6 ﺷﻜﻞ 1-7.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 ﺷﻜﻞ 1-8...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6 ﺷﻜﻞ 1-9 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................7 ﺷﻜﻞ 1-10............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 ﺷﻜﻞ 1-11............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10 ﺷﻜﻞ 1-12............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 11 ﺷﻜل 1-13 ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﺑﻮﻓﻮرت........................................................................................................................................... 15 شكل1-14 توربين باد NM 110-4.2 Vestas ...........................................................................................................................................................18 شكل1-15 توربين باد V90 Vestas...............................................................................................................................................................................18 شكل1-16توربين باد GE 3.6s offshore................................................................................................................................................................. 19 ﺷﻜﻞ 2-1 ﺷﻤﺎي ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎدي ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻮر ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻣﺪل ﺳﺎوﻧﻴﻮس......................................................................................................................... 24 ﺷﻜﻞ 2-2............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25 ﺷﻜﻞ 2-3 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 25 ﺷﻜﻞ 2-4............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25 ﺷﻜﻞ 2-5 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 26 ﺷﻜﻞ 2-6 ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 26 ﺷﻜﻞ 2-7.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 ﺷﻜﻞ 2-8.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 ﺷﻜﻞ 2-9.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 ﺷﻜﻞ 2-10....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 ﺷﻜﻞ 2-11..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 ﺷﻜﻞ 2-12............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 39 شكل 2-13............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 40 شكل 2-14............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 41 شكل 2-15............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 42 شكل 2-16............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 43 شكل 2-17............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 44 شكل 2-18............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 45 شكل 2-19............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 46 شكل 2-20............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 47 شكل 2-21.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................48 شكل 2-22....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 49 شكل 2-23............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 50 شكل 2-24......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 52 شكل 2-25......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53 شكل 2-26.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 55 شكل 2-27............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 57 شكل 2-28............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 59 شكل 3-1............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 64 شكل 3-2............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 64 شكل 3-3...........................................................................................................................................................................................................64 شكل 3-4.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 64 شكل 3-5.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 65 شكل 3-6 اﺟﺰاء اﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎي ﺑﺎدي................................................................................................................................................ 65 شكل 3-7 ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 84 شكل 3-8...........................................................................................................................................................................................................88 شكل 3-9...........................................................................................................................................................................................................91 شكل 3-10........................................................................................................................................................................................................91 شكل 3-11......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 91 شكل 3-12......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 92 شكل 3-13...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................92 شكل3-14........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 93 شكل 3-15 ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﭘﺮه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎدي.................................................................................................................... 95 شكل 3-16 ﺑﺎرﻫﺎي وارد ﺑﺮ ﭘﺮه ﻳﻚ ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎدي اﻓﻘﻲ.......................................................................................................................... 96 شكل 3-17 روﺷﻬﺎي ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻛﺮدن ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎدي.................................................................................................................................................. 97 شكل 3-18 ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ زاوﻳﻪ ﭘﺮه ﻫﺎي ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎدي................................................................................................................................... 98 شكل 3-19 ﺳﻪ ﻧﻮع ژﻧﺮاﺗﻮر ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺮق.............................................................................................................................................................. 102 شكل 3-20 اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻮرﻣﺎﺗﻮر ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺮق ﻣﺘﻨﺎوب ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ دور .................................................................... 104 شكل 3-21 دﻳﺎﮔﺮام ﺳﺎده ﺳﻴﻢ ﻛﺸﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎدي ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﺮق .......................................................................................................... 105 شكل 3-22........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 106 شكل 3-23........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 107 ﺷﮑﻞ 5-1 ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﮐﻠﯽ ژﻧﺮاﺗﻮر ﺑﺎدی ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ.................................................................................................................................... 125 ﺷﮑﻞ 5-2 ﺗﻮرﺑﯿﻦ ﺑﺎد .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 125 ﺷﮑﻞ 5-3 ﮐﻨﺘﺮل Feed forward ............................................................................................................................................................................ 129 ﺷﮑﻞ 5-4 ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﺪون Feed forward ..................................................................................................................................................................... 131 ﺷﮑﻞ 5ـ5 ﻣﺪل ﺷﺒﯿﻪ ﺳﺎزی ﺷﺪه........................................................................................................................................................................... 134 ﺷﮑﻞ 5-6 ﺗﻮان ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ..............................................................................................................................................................................................135 ﺷﮑﻞ 5-7 ﺗﻮان ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 136 ﺷﮑﻞ 5-8 ﺗﻮان ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 136 ﺷﻜﻞ 6-1............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 144 ﺷﻜﻞ 6-2............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 144 ﺷﻜﻞ 6-3............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 145 ﺷﻜﻞ 6-4............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 145 ﺷﻜﻞ 6-5............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 148 ﺷﻜﻞ 6-6 ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 149 ﺷﻜﻞ 6-7............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 157 ﺷﻜﻞ 6-8............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 162 ﺷﻜﻞ 6-9............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 163 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-1............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 166 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-2.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................166 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-3.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................167 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-4.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................167 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-5.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................168 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-6.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................169 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-7.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................169 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-8.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................170 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-9.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................171 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-10..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................171 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-11..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................172 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-12..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................173 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-13..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................174 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-14..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................174 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-15..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................175 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-16..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................176 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-17..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................177 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-18..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................177 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-19..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................178 فهرست جداول ﺟﺪول1-1 ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﺑﻮﻓﻮرت............................................................................................................................................ 14 جدول 1-2 ظرفيت نصب توربينهاي بالاتر از 3 مگاوات در دنيا تا پايان سال 2004..............................................................................17 جدول 2-1............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 52 جدول 2-2..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................54 جدول 2-3 ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 55 جدول 2-4............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 57 جدول 2-5............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 58 جدول 2-6..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................60 جدول 3 - 1 ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................90 ﺟﺪول 4-1 آﻣﺎر ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ آﺳﯿﺐ دﯾﺪﮔﯽ ﻫﺎ......................................................................................................................................... 113 ﺟﺪول 4-2 ﺗﻨﺎوب ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﯽ ﺻﺎﻋﻘﻪ زدﮔﯽ ﺗﻮرﺑﯿﻦ ﻫﺎی ﺑﺎدی در ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮﻗﯽ اﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎن.................................................................... 114 جدول 6-1......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 160 جدول 6-2......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 161 جدول 6-3..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................161 جدول 6-4..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................162
چكيده : تبدیل انرژی باد به انرژی مکانیکی و سپس انرژی الکتریکی در توربین های بادی انجام می شود . توربین های بادی در اندازه های مختلف با اجزای مختلف و ویژگی های متفاوت با توجه به شرایط محیط و میزان نیاز تولید توان الکتریکی ساخته می شوند ،این توربین ها از پره ها با قطر روتور چندین متر تا حدود 100 متر برای تولید توان های چندین کیلووات تا 2000 کیلووات مورد استفاده قرار می گیرند علاوه بر تولید توان الکتریکی از توربین های بادی برای پمپاژ آب نیز استفاده می شود. انرژی باد یکی از صورت های منابع انرژی تجدید پذیر است که با توجه به ویژگی مشترک انرژی های تجدید پذیر به صورت گسترده با تمرکز کم ( چگالی کم ) در اختیار بشر قرار گرفته است نوعي از انرژي خورشيد است که بر اثر اختلاف دماي بين دو ناحيه توليد مي شود: ناحيه سرد پر فشار و ناحيه گرم کم فشار است . طی سالهای اخیر تولید برق به وسیله توربینهای بادی افزایش پیدا کرده است. توربینهای جدید به صورتهای متفاوت متصل به شبکه و یا منفعل از شبکه و به صورت تولید پراکنده در سیستمهای قدرت مورد استفاده قرار می گیرند. در اين پروژه در مورد انواع توربين ها و مكانيزم عملكرد و طراحي آنها توضيح داده شده است . همچنين در مورد حفاظت توربين ها و كنترل توان نيروگاه ها توسط توربين ها به مواردي اشاره شده است. ﻛﺸﻮر اﻳﺮان از ﻫﺮ ﻃﺮف ﺑﺎ ﻛﻮﻫﻬﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌـﻲ ﻣﺤـﺼﻮر ﮔـﺸﺘﻪ اﺳـﺖ. اﻳـﺮان ﺑـﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴـﺖ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ دارد در آﺳﻴﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺷﺮق و ﻏﺮب و ﻧـﻮاﺣﻲ ﮔـﺮم ﺟﻨـﻮب و ﻣﻌﺘـﺪل ﺷـﻤﺎﻟﻲ واﻗـﻊ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ودر ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬـﺎي ﻋﻤـﺪه ﻫـﻮاﻳﻲ ﺑـﻴﻦ آﺳـﻴﺎ ، اروﭘـﺎ ، اﻓﺮﻳﻘـﺎ ، اﻗﻴـﺎﻧﻮس ﻫﻨـﺪ و اﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮس اﻃﻠﺲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ . همين امر باعث پيشرفت سريع در استفاده از نيروگاه بادي خواهد شد. فهرست مطالب فصل اول : ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﭽﻪ.....................................................................................................................................................................................................2 ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪاﻳﺮاﻧﻴﺎن......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪآﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲﻫﺎ..................................................................................................................................................................................3 ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪداﻧﻤﺎرﻛﻲﻫﺎ ............................................................................................................................................................................... 4 ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻮيﻫﺎ................................................................................................................................................................................ 5 ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪروﺳﻬﺎ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪﻫﻠﻨﺪيﻫﺎ......................................................................................................................................................................................6 ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪاﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲﻫﺎ.....................................................................................................................................................................................6 ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪآﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲﻫﺎ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲدرﺑﺎرهاﻧﺮژيﺑﺎد....................................................................................................................................................................... 7 ﻣﻨﺒﻊاﻧﺮژيﺑﺎدي..................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 ﺑﺎد.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9 اﻧﻮاعﺑﺎدﻫﺎ...............................................................................................................................................................................................11 ﺟﺪول ﺑﻮﻓﻮرت...............................................................................................................................................................................12 ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮاتﺳﺮﻋﺖﺑﺎد........................................................................................................................................................................ 13 مزایای استفاده از توربینهای بادی..................................................................................................................................... 15 رشد ظرفيت توربينهاي بادي تا پايان سال 2004........................................................................................................ 16 فصل دوم : 2- 1 توربین بادی............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 21 2-2 توربينهاي بادي چگونه كار مي كنند ؟............................................................................................................................................................ 21 2-3ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢﺑﻨﺪيﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦﻫﺎيﺑﺎدي................................................................................................................................................................................. 22 2-4 دوﻧﻮعﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦﺑﺎديﻓﻮقازﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎيزﻳﺮﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ.............................................................................................................................28 2-5 ساختمان توربین بادی.......................................................................................................................................................................29 2-6 انواع توربین های بادی.................................................................................................................................................................... 29 2-7 مفاهیم کنترل توان..............................................................................................................................................................................31 2-8 انواع ژنراتورهای مدرن..................................................................................................................................................................32 2-9 ژنراتورهای آسنکرون (القایی) .................................................................................................................................................... 34 2-10 ژنراتور سنکرون............................................................................................................................................................................. 37 2-11 توربين هاي مختلف با كاربرد هاي مختلف.............................................................................................................................................. 38 2-12 برق بادی در مقیاس‌های کوچک................................................................................................................................................................... 50 فصل سوم : 3-1 ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦﺑﺎديﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪﻛﺎرﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ.............................................................................................................................................................................. 62 3-2 تغييرپذيري باد و قدرت توربين...................................................................................................................................................67 3-3 تعيين محل توربينهاي بادي......................................................................................................................................................... 67 3-4 نصب توربين‌ها نزديك ساحل....................................................................................................................................................... 69 3-5 نصب توربين‌ها دور از ساحل....................................................................................................................................................... 69 3-6 توربينهاي هوائي (معلق در هوا(............................................................................................................................................... 70 3-7 نيروگاههاي بادي كوچك..................................................................................................................................................................73 3-8 رشد و روند هزينه.............................................................................................................................................................................75 3-9 ذخيره انرژي..........................................................................................................................................................................................76 3-10 اكولوژي(شناخت محيط زيست)و آلودگي توليد گازCo2وآلودگيمحيطزيست................................................ 77 3-11 تأثير نيروگاههاي بادي در حيات وحش................................................................................................................................. 78 3-12 اﺟﺰاءاﺻﻠﻲﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎيﺑﺎدي...........................................................................................................................................................................81 3-13 واحد توليد کاور و نوزکن............................................................................................................................................................................. 88 3-14 ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﭘﺮهﻫﺎيﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦﺑﺎدي.......................................................................................................................................................93 3-15 ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢدورﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦﻫﺎيﺑﺎدي................................................................................................................................................................................ 96 3-16 ﻗﺮاردادنﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦدرﺟﻬﺖﺑﺎد..............................................................................................................................................................................98 3-17 ژﻧﺮاﺗﻮرﻫﺎيﻣﻮﻟﺪﺑﺮق.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 99 3-18 ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻮرﻣﺎﺗﻮرﻫﺎ............................................................................................................................................................................103 3-19 ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎيوﻟﺘﺎژ..................................................................................................................................................................... 104 فصل چهارم : 4-1 ﺧﻼﺻﻪ.....................................................................................................................................................................................................109 4-2 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ....................................................................................................................................................................................................110 4-3 آﺳﯿﺐﻫﺎیﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢوﻏﯿﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ............................................................................................................................................... 110 فصل پنجم : 5-1 ﺧﻼﺻﻪ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 122 5-2ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 122 5-3 ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرژﻧﺮاﺗﻮرﺑﺎدیﻣﺘﺼﻞﺑﻪﺷﺒﮑﻪ.................................................................................................................................................................. 124 5-4 ﻗﺪرتﺗﻮرﺑﯿﻦﺑﺎدی............................................................................................................................................................................................... 125 5-5 ﻣﺪلرﯾﺎﺿﯽژﻧﺮاﺗﻮرآﺳﻨﮑﺮونﻣﺘﺼﻞﺑﻪﺷﺒﮑﻪ .................................................................................................................................................127 5-6 اﯾﺪهاﺻﻠﯽزﯾﺮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﮐﻨﺘﺮل..........................................................................................................................................................................................128 5-7 ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎتﻋﺪدی...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 133 5-8 ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮی.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 137 فصل ششم : 6-1 ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲاﻳﺮان...................................................................................................................................................................................... 139 6-2 ﺑﺎدﻫﺎياﻳﺮان ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 140 6-3 ﺧﻼﺻﻪدوﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪﺑﺮايﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦﻣﺤﻞﻧﺼﺐﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦﺑﺎدي ................................................................................................................................ 142 6-4 ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦﻫﺎيﺑﺎديدرﺟﻬﺎن.................................................................................................................................................... 147 6-5 ﻧﻴﺮوﮔﺎهﻋﻈﻴﻢﺑﺎديﺑﻪﻗﺪرت KW2500..................................................................................................................................................... 147 6-6 ﭘﺮوژهﻫﺎيﺑﺎد.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 150 6-7 ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ،ﺳﺎﺧﺖوﻧﺼﺐﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦﺑﺎدي10ﻛﻴﻠﻮواتﺳﻬﻨﺪﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ.................................................................................................................... 151 6-8 نیروگاهبادیبینالود ; اولینمزرعهبادیدرایران .......................................................................................................................................... 154 6-9 آمار ظرفيت نصب توربينهای بادی در ايران..................................................................................................................... 160 فصل هفتم: 7-1 شبیه سازی پروژه در نرم افزار Digsilent و matlab..............................................................................................165 مراجع ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................179 فهرست اشكال ﺷﻜﻞ 1–1 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 ﺷﻜﻞ 1-2 ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎدي ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﺮق ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪه در اﻳﺎﻻت ورﻣﻮﻧﺖ اﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ...................................................................................................3 ﺷﻜﻞ 1-3 آﺳﻴﺎب ﺑﺎدي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ داﻧﻤﺎرﻛﻲ ﻫﺎ.................................................................................................................................... 4 ﺷﻜﻞ 1-4 ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎدي ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﺮق ﻛﻪ ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﭘﺎرﻳﺲ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺖ.....................................................................................................5 ﺷﻜﻞ1– 5 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 ﺷﻜﻞ 1-6 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6 ﺷﻜﻞ 1-7.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 ﺷﻜﻞ 1-8...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6 ﺷﻜﻞ 1-9 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................7 ﺷﻜﻞ 1-10............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 ﺷﻜﻞ 1-11............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10 ﺷﻜﻞ 1-12............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 11 ﺷﻜل 1-13 ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﺑﻮﻓﻮرت........................................................................................................................................... 15 شكل1-14 توربين باد NM 110-4.2 Vestas ...........................................................................................................................................................18 شكل1-15 توربين باد V90 Vestas...............................................................................................................................................................................18 شكل1-16توربين باد GE 3.6s offshore................................................................................................................................................................. 19 ﺷﻜﻞ 2-1 ﺷﻤﺎي ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎدي ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻮر ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻣﺪل ﺳﺎوﻧﻴﻮس......................................................................................................................... 24 ﺷﻜﻞ 2-2............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25 ﺷﻜﻞ 2-3 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 25 ﺷﻜﻞ 2-4............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25 ﺷﻜﻞ 2-5 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 26 ﺷﻜﻞ 2-6 ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 26 ﺷﻜﻞ 2-7.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 ﺷﻜﻞ 2-8.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 ﺷﻜﻞ 2-9.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 ﺷﻜﻞ 2-10....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 ﺷﻜﻞ 2-11..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 ﺷﻜﻞ 2-12............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 39 شكل 2-13............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 40 شكل 2-14............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 41 شكل 2-15............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 42 شكل 2-16............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 43 شكل 2-17............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 44 شكل 2-18............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 45 شكل 2-19............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 46 شكل 2-20............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 47 شكل 2-21.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................48 شكل 2-22....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 49 شكل 2-23............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 50 شكل 2-24......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 52 شكل 2-25......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53 شكل 2-26.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 55 شكل 2-27............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 57 شكل 2-28............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 59 شكل 3-1............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 64 شكل 3-2............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 64 شكل 3-3...........................................................................................................................................................................................................64 شكل 3-4.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 64 شكل 3-5.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 65 شكل 3-6 اﺟﺰاء اﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎي ﺑﺎدي................................................................................................................................................ 65 شكل 3-7 ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 84 شكل 3-8...........................................................................................................................................................................................................88 شكل 3-9...........................................................................................................................................................................................................91 شكل 3-10........................................................................................................................................................................................................91 شكل 3-11......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 91 شكل 3-12......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 92 شكل 3-13...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................92 شكل3-14........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 93 شكل 3-15 ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﭘﺮه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎدي.................................................................................................................... 95 شكل 3-16 ﺑﺎرﻫﺎي وارد ﺑﺮ ﭘﺮه ﻳﻚ ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎدي اﻓﻘﻲ.......................................................................................................................... 96 شكل 3-17 روﺷﻬﺎي ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻛﺮدن ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎدي.................................................................................................................................................. 97 شكل 3-18 ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ زاوﻳﻪ ﭘﺮه ﻫﺎي ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎدي................................................................................................................................... 98 شكل 3-19 ﺳﻪ ﻧﻮع ژﻧﺮاﺗﻮر ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺮق.............................................................................................................................................................. 102 شكل 3-20 اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻮرﻣﺎﺗﻮر ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺮق ﻣﺘﻨﺎوب ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ دور .................................................................... 104 شكل 3-21 دﻳﺎﮔﺮام ﺳﺎده ﺳﻴﻢ ﻛﺸﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎدي ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﺮق .......................................................................................................... 105 شكل 3-22........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 106 شكل 3-23........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 107 ﺷﮑﻞ 5-1 ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﮐﻠﯽ ژﻧﺮاﺗﻮر ﺑﺎدی ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ.................................................................................................................................... 125 ﺷﮑﻞ 5-2 ﺗﻮرﺑﯿﻦ ﺑﺎد .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 125 ﺷﮑﻞ 5-3 ﮐﻨﺘﺮل Feed forward ............................................................................................................................................................................ 129 ﺷﮑﻞ 5-4 ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﺪون Feed forward ..................................................................................................................................................................... 131 ﺷﮑﻞ 5ـ5 ﻣﺪل ﺷﺒﯿﻪ ﺳﺎزی ﺷﺪه........................................................................................................................................................................... 134 ﺷﮑﻞ 5-6 ﺗﻮان ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ..............................................................................................................................................................................................135 ﺷﮑﻞ 5-7 ﺗﻮان ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 136 ﺷﮑﻞ 5-8 ﺗﻮان ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 136 ﺷﻜﻞ 6-1............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 144 ﺷﻜﻞ 6-2............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 144 ﺷﻜﻞ 6-3............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 145 ﺷﻜﻞ 6-4............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 145 ﺷﻜﻞ 6-5............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 148 ﺷﻜﻞ 6-6 ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 149 ﺷﻜﻞ 6-7............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 157 ﺷﻜﻞ 6-8............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 162 ﺷﻜﻞ 6-9............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 163 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-1............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 166 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-2.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................166 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-3.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................167 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-4.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................167 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-5.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................168 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-6.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................169 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-7.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................169 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-8.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................170 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-9.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................171 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-10..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................171 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-11..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................172 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-12..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................173 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-13..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................174 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-14..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................174 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-15..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................175 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-16..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................176 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-17..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................177 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-18..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................177 ﺷﻜﻞ 7-19..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................178 فهرست جداول ﺟﺪول1-1 ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﺑﻮﻓﻮرت............................................................................................................................................ 14 جدول 1-2 ظرفيت نصب توربينهاي بالاتر از 3 مگاوات در دنيا تا پايان سال 2004..............................................................................17 جدول 2-1............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 52 جدول 2-2..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................54 جدول 2-3 ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 55 جدول 2-4............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 57 جدول 2-5............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 58 جدول 2-6..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................60 جدول 3 - 1 ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................90 ﺟﺪول 4-1 آﻣﺎر ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ آﺳﯿﺐ دﯾﺪﮔﯽ ﻫﺎ......................................................................................................................................... 113 ﺟﺪول 4-2 ﺗﻨﺎوب ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﯽ ﺻﺎﻋﻘﻪ زدﮔﯽ ﺗﻮرﺑﯿﻦ ﻫﺎی ﺑﺎدی در ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮﻗﯽ اﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎن.................................................................... 114 جدول 6-1......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 160 جدول 6-2......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 161 جدول 6-3..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................161 جدول 6-4..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................162